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The process continues until it reaches the root certificate.

The digital signature, by finding the public key of the next issuing CA or intermediate CA.

The date of evaluation, which must fall between the Valid From and Valid To fields of the certificate for the certificate to be valid.

The root CA is self-signed and the app must trust it at the end.ĭuring a certificate validation, the app verifies: An issuing CA signs the user’s certificate and a root CA signs the issuing CA’s certificate. The two-tier hierarchy is the most common. The number of certificates in the chain depends on the CA’s hierarchical structure.

When you get a certificate from a CA, that certificate is part of a chain of trust, or a chain of certificates. Public Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS): Used to exchange public and private objects in a single file.Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER): A binary encoding, whose file extensions are.Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM): A Base-64 encoding, whose file extension is.X.509 certificates can be encoded differently, which will affect their appearance. The couple consisting of the public key and the algorithm identifier represents the subject public key info. Digital Signature: A bit string used to verify the authenticity of the certificate.Algorithm Identifier: Indicates the algorithm used to sign the certificate.Public Key: Contains the public key of the key pair that goes with the certificate.

Valid To: Provides the date and time when the certificate is no longer considered valid.

Valid From: Provides the date and time when the certificate becomes valid.

Issuer: Provides a unique name for the CA that issued the certificate.

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Serial Number: Provides a unique identifier for each certificate that a CA issues.

Subject: Provides the name of the entity (computer, user, network device, etc.) that the CA issued the certificate to.

The structure of a certificate uses X.509 standard. In the second case, the same entity whose identity it certifies signs the certificate.

In the first case, the CA must validate the identity of the certificate holder both before it issues the certificate and when your app uses the certificate.

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It’s similar to an identification card, such as a passport or a driver license.Ī Certificate Authority (CA) can issue a certificate or it can be self-signed. So, what’s a certificate? A certificate is a file that encapsulates information about the server that owns the certificate. Note: The third phase uses symmetric-key cryptography, where you use the same key for both encryption of plaintext and decryption of ciphertext.Īs you’ve learned in the previous section, the server sends one or more certificates back to the client. More on that later.īuild and run the app, and you’ll see this initial screen:īefore diving directly into the code, let’s talk about TLS! Understanding TLS In NetworkClient, you’ll implement the logic for dealing with SSL Certificate Pinning. This is a wrapper around Alamofire which exposes an API that performs network requests. Finally, you have DetailViewController, which displays the detail for the selected user. Next, you have ViewController, which includes a table that lists the users retrieved from Stack Overflow. The view controller on the left is the root navigation controller of the app. Open Main.storyboard and look at the view controllers contained within. To keep you focused, the starter project has everything unrelated to SSL Certificate Pinning already set up for you. Once downloaded, open PinM圜ert.xcodeproj in Xcode.

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Start by downloading the starter project using the Download Materials button at the top or bottom of this tutorial. Getting Startedįor this tutorial, you’ll use PinM圜ert, an iOS app that uses the Stack Exchange REST API to retrieve Stack Overflow users.

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Throughout this tutorial, you should read SSL and TLS as synonyms, but code implementation should always use TLS. TLS addresses various security vulnerabilities identified by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) which affected SSL version 3.0. Note: Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is the ancestor of TLS.